Ozone pollution characteristics and sensitivity analysis using an observation-based model in Nanjing, Yangtze River Delta Region of China

Ground-level ozone (O₃) has become a critical pollutant impeding air quality improvement in Yangtze River Delta region of China. In this study, we present O₃ pollution characteristics based on one-year online measurements during 2016 at an urban site in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province. Then, the sensitivity of O₃ to its precursors during 2 O₃ pollution episodes in August was analyzed using a box model based on observation (OBM). The relative incremental reactivity (RIR) of hydrocarbons was larger than other precursors, suggesting that hydrocarbons played the dominant role in O₃ formation. The RIR values for NO_X ranged from –0.41%/% to 0.19%/%. The O₃ sensitivity was also analyzed based on relationship of simulated O₃ production rates with reductions of VOC and NO_X derived from scenario analyses. Simulation results illustrate that O₃ formation was between VOCs-limited and transition regime. Xylenes and light alkenes were found to be key species in O₃ formation according to RIR values, and their sources were determined using the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model. Paints and solvent use was the largest contributor to xylenes (54%), while petrochemical industry was the most important source to propene (82%). Discussions on VOCs and NO_X reduction schemes suggest that the 5% O₃ control goal can be achieved by reducing VOCs by 20%. To obtain 10% O₃ control goal, VOCs need to be reduced by 30% with VOCs/NO_X larger than 3:1.     

Investigation to meet China II emission legislation for marine diesel engine with diesel methanol compound combustion technology

In order to reduce the pollutant emission and alleviate the pressure of petroleum resources shortage and greenhouse gas emission at the same time, the use of clean and renewable alternative fuel for marine engines is a promising option. In this study, a marine diesel engine, which was modified to run in diesel methanol compound combustion (DMCC) mode, was investigated. After the diesel injection parameters were calibrated, and combined with a sample after-treatment device DOC (diesel oxidation catalyst), the engine could meet the requirements of China II legislation. The overall MSP (methanol substitute percent) reached 54.1%. The value of each pollutant emission was much lower than that in China II emission legislation, and there was almost no methanol and formaldehyde emissions. When methanol was injected into the inlet manifold, the intake air temperature decreased a lot, as well as the exhaust gas temperature, which were beneficial to increase engine thermal efficiency and improve engine room environment. Compared with the engine running in pure diesel mode, when the engine ran in diesel/methanol dual fuel mode, the combustion phase was advanced, and the combustion duration became shorter. Therefore, the engine thermal efficiency increased, and fuel consumption decreased significantly.     

Photodegradation of Hexafluoropropylene Oxide Trimer Acid under UV Irradiation

As a novel alternative to traditional perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), including perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), hexafluoroproplyene oxide trimer acid (HFPO-TA) has been detected worldwide in surface water. Moreover, recent researches have demonstrated that HFPO-TA has stronger bioaccumulation potential and higher hepatotoxicity than PFOA. To treat these contaminants e.g. PFOA and PFOS, some photochemical techniques by adding exogenous substances had been reported. However, there is still no report for the behavior of HFPO-TA itself under direct UV irradiation. The current study investigated the photo-transformation of HFPO-TA under UV irradiation in aqueous solution. After 72 hr photoreaction, 75% degradation ratio and 25% defluorination ratio were achieved under ambient condition. Reducing active species, i.e., hydrated electrons and active hydrogen atoms, generated from water splitting played dominant roles in degradation of HFPO-TA, which was confirmed by different effects of reaction atmospheres and quenching experiments. A possible degradation pathway was proposed based on the products identification and theoretical calculations. In general, HFPO-TA would be transformed into shorter-chain PFASs, including hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA), perfluoropropionic acid (PFA) and trifluoroacetate (TFA). This research provides basic information for HFPO-TA photodegradation process and is essential to develop novel remediation techniques for HFPO-TA and other alternatives with similar structures.     

Green innovation efficiency across China’s 30 provinces: estimate,comparison, and convergence

Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change - Considering government and market failure of environmental regulation to combat increasing GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions, green innovation...     

北京松山国家级自然保护区典型植被类型表层土壤碳密度及周转速率特征

为阐明不同植被类型下表层土壤有机碳的分布特征,本文选取北京松山国家级自然保护区内胡桃楸阔叶林、蒙古栎阔叶林、油松针叶林、针阔叶混交林、灌丛和草甸6种典型植物群落作为研究对象,基于野外调查、采样与实验室分析对不同植被类型下表层土壤有机碳含量、密度及周转速率进行了研究。结果表明：草甸表层土壤有机碳含量和密度最高,分别为188.5 g/kg和10.9 kg/m²,周转速率最低,为0.019 6/a;针阔叶混交林表层土壤有机碳含量和密度最低,分别为68.6 g/kg和5.7 kg/m²,周转速率为0.074 9/a;灌丛表层土壤有机碳周转速率为0.077 4/a。土壤有机碳含量整体上随土壤深度增加而逐渐减少。土壤水分的增加和土壤温度的下降使表层土壤有机碳含量及密度呈上升趋势,而使有机碳周转速率呈下降趋势。土壤有机碳密度随海拔升高呈逐渐上升趋势。海拔通过影响不同植被群落土壤水热条件来影响微生物活动及凋落物的分解,进而影响表层土壤有机碳含量、密度和周转速率。本文为松山国家级自然保护区典型植被类型土壤碳储量和周转研究提供了有效参考。     

基于层次分析法的热塑性聚氨酯及其纳米复合材料火灾危险性综合评价

聚合物的火灾危险性与热、烟、毒的释放密切相关,但采用不同指标对材料的评价结果不一致。以纳米级蒙脱土(MMT)、氢氧化铝(ATH)和聚磷酸铵(APP)为添加剂的热塑性聚氨酯(TPU)纳米复合材料为研究对象,选取其在静态管式炉、稳态管式炉和锥形量热仪中的相关实验数据,以HCN总浓度作为特殊毒性危害指标,CO和CO_2浓度为一般毒性危害指标,以热释放速率峰值、平均热释放速率、总热释放量为热危害指标,以产烟速率峰值、生烟总量为烟危害指标。进一步细分了火灾烟气中不同毒性气体对于火灾风险的影响,并运用层次分析法计算指标权重,综合评价了热塑性聚氨酯及其复合材料的火灾危险性。结果表明,当添加量为6 wt%聚磷酸铵、3 wt%氢氧化铝与3 wt%蒙脱土时,此时复合材料的火灾危险最低,证明了综合热、烟、毒三个层次来降低聚合物材料火灾危险性是可行的。     

花岗岩类岩体与金矿床成因关系的探讨

花岗岩类岩体与金矿床存在着密切的空间联系，其成因关系一直是矿床学界争论的焦点，目前传统的岩浆热液成因观点仍居统治地位。随着地质资料的积累，高温高压实验技术，尤其是金矿床同位素定年技术的进展，传统观点受到了严峻挑战。成岩成矿的时代与时差、成矿流体的来源和成矿物质的来源等确定金矿床成因类型关键因素的综合研究表明，有密切空间关系的金矿床与花岗岩类岩体之间，在多数情况下两者并无直接的成因联系，金矿床不是岩浆热液成因，而是与大气降水或建造水有关的改造成矿作用的产物。     

美国《濒危物种法》介评

一般而言,对濒危物种实施法律保护是世界各国生物多样性保护法律的核心.从世界范围看,美国的濒危物种保护法律制度是极有特色和卓有成效的,其立法规定和司法实践较为完善和成熟.对其进行研究对我国的濒危物种保护立法有较大的借鉴意义.鉴于此,本文对美国濒危物种保护制度的核心--联邦《濒危物种法》（the Endange red Species Act）的主要内容进行研究,以期为我国的物种保护法制建设服务.     

浅议影响污水生物除磷的因素

针对目前水体富营养化严重，污水除磷要求高的现状，着重分析阐述了在目前条件下的对污水生物除磷产生较显著影响的因素，如，溶解氧及氧化还原电位，硝酸盐，泥龄，进水营养比等，以期对生产实践有所帮助。